Issue 4/2024

1. Introduction. – 2. The “eRecovery” Electronic Public Service: Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Compensation for Certain Categories of Victims in the Russian- Ukrainian war. – 3. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Literature Review on EU policy regarding personal data and health policy in artificial intelligence (AI) management and governance. – 3. Methodology and research methods. – 4. Results and discussions. – 4.1. EU new legal trilogue (2024): Generative AI, European Artificial Intelligence Office (EU AIO) and Council Regulation (EU) 2024/1732. – 4.2. General overview of Artificial Intelligence Act. – 4.3. Ethical AI. – 4.4. Legal areas and high risks AI systems. – 4.5. Medical Devices Regulation and Artificial Intelligence Act: legal and policy considerations. – 4.6. Research and development (R&D) in Artificial Intelligence Act. – 4.7. Latest legal reform and regulations of AI sector: Case-Law in Ukraine (2024) and Republic of Moldova (2024). – 4.7.1. Legal provisions of non-original objects and sui generis right in Law of Ukraine “On Copyright and Related Rights” (2022). – 4.7.2. Scope of application and regulation of AI in the Republic of Moldova (2024). – 4.7.3. Scope of application and regulation of AI in Ukraine (2024). – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Discussion. – 2.1. General State of Eurasian Integration in the Labour Sphere. – 2.2. Analysis of the Advanced Practice of the European Union. – 2.3. Formal Legal and Empirical Analysis of the Application of the EAEU Treaty Norms. – 3. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. The Rule of Law. – 2.1. The Right to Have a Fair Trial Under International Law. – 3. Case Studies. – 3.1. The International Criminal Court for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). – 3.2. The Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT). – 4. International Law and Comparison of Al-Majid and Mladic. – 4.1. The Weakness of the International Rule of Law in the Ukraine War. – 5. Challenges and the Solution to Unify the Rules Governing the Trial of Grave International Crimes. – 5.1. The ICC Statute and its Challenges. – 6. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Materials and methods. – 3. Discussion. – 3.1. Legal basis for the classification of criminal liability of transnational commercial legal entities. – 3.2. Principles regarding the applicable prosecution of the criminal liability of commercial legal entities. – 3.3. The demand for establishing globally harmonised sanctions regarding transnational prosecution concerning the criminal liability of commercial legal entities. – 4. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Tentative Position of the UAE Legislator in the Civil Transactions Law. – 3.1. The Silence of the UAE Legislator on Terms Modifying Contractual Liability. – 3.2. The Role of the Judiciary in Assessing the Legitimacy of Modified Contractual Liability Terms. – 4. The Explicit Position of the UAE Legislator. – 4.1. Within the Scope of Consumer Protection Law. – 4.2. Within the Scope of Commercial Laws. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Copyright infringement. – 3.1. Copyright infringement in cyberspace. – 4. Legal framework for copyright protection: international and Kazakhstani perspectives. – 4.1. International legal response for online copyright infringement. – 4.2. ISP liability rules in the US. – 4.3. ISP liability rules in the UK. – 4.4. ISP liability rules in Ukraine. – 4.5. Kazakhstan. – 5. Conclusion.

1. Introductory remarks on the concept of surrogacy. – 2. Surrogacy arrangements under Austrian Law. – 3. Legal parenthood through cross-border surrogacy. – 3.1. Recognition of foreign status decisions in Austria. – 3.2. Surrogacy cases before Central European Supreme Courts. – 3.3. Case law of the European Court of Human Rights. – 3.4. D.Comment on the Current Situation in Austria. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methods and Materials. – 3. Discussion. – 3.1. Critical theories and principles influencing the legal foundations of restorative justice. – 3.2. Essential legal instruments for establishing a restorative justice framework. – 3.3. Proposing restorative justice models for unestablished judicial systems. – 3.3.1. Victim-offender mediation. – 3.3.2. Community reparative boards model. – 3.3.3. Family group conferencing model. – 3.3.4. Circle sentencing model. – 4. Conclusions.

Online dispute resolution (ODR); e-commerce; online courts.

1. Denialism in Criminal Law (Instead of an Introduction). – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. The Thorny Path of Criminalizing Denials in Ukraine. – 3.1. Denial of Genocide. – 3.2. Denial of Fascist Crimes. – 3.3. Denial of Russian Aggression and Occupation. – 4. A Banal Mistake or Conscious Double Criminalisation? – 4.1. The Problem of Double Criminalisation of Public Denial. – 4.2. The Collision. – 4.3. The Option of Resolving the Collision by the Protected Object Rule. – 4.4. The Rule of Temporal Collision. – 4.5. Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege and the Principle of Equality. – 4.6. In Dubio Pro Homine (Pro Personae). – 5. De Lege Ferenda: Resolving of the Collision. – 6. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodological Research Framework. – 3. Registration of Data in the State Registration System of Real Estate - Cadastre of Real Estate. – 4. Challenging Legal Aspects of Real Estate Registration in the Slovakian Land Registry (Cadastre) under National Law. – 5. Challenging Legal Aspects of Real Estate Registration in the Slovakian Land Registry (Cadastre) under European Union Law. – 6. Challenges in Practice: Notarial Decision-Making and Property Registration in Slovakia. – 7. Concluding Remarks.

1. Introduction. – 2. Evaluation of Participation in Hostilities against Ukraine as a New Challenge for Ukrainian Criminal Law. – 3. Debates on the Obligation to Recognise Combatant Immunity. – 4. The Fate of Defectors: Do Ukrainian Citizens who Defected to the Enemy Have Combatant Immunity? – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Literature Review. – 4. Overview of the European Integration Path of BiH. – 5. The Obligation to Comply with the Acquis. – 6. Harmonisation of National Legislation and Respect of Rule of Law Principle in the Member States of the European Union – Comparative Experience. – 7. System of Coordination of the Process of European Integration in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Coordination Mechanism). – 8. Coordination Mechanism and Fulfillment of Obligations from European Integration. – 9. Activities of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Fulfilling the Obligation to Harmonize National Legislation with the Acquis and Legal Issues. – 10. Issues of Non-Performance of Court Decisions and Access to Justice. – 11. Recommendations for Activities Aimed at Fulfilling the Obligation to Harmonize National Legislation with the Acquis and Access to Justice. – 12. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Conflicts in Law. – 3. The Role of Judicial Law-Making in Resolving Legal Conflicts. – 4. Mechanisms for Resolving Conflicts in Law. – 5. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology of the Study. – 3. Research Questions. – 4. Hypotheses. – 5. Literature Review. – 5.1. General Aspects about the Notion of Life. – 5.2. Protection of unborn Life and Women’s Rights. – 5.3. Analytical Thoughts about the Unauthorised Termination of Pregnancy According to the Legal-Penal Provisions of the Criminal Code. – 5.4. Protecting, Harming or Extinguishing of Unborn Life. – 5.5. JuridicalCivil and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Protection of the Unborn. – 6. Results and Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Separate Opinion of a Judge of the European Court of Human Rights: Courage for Justice. – 3. Separate Opinions of the Judges of the European Court of Human Rights: From the Development of the Doctrine to Changing Trends in Law Enforcement Practice. – 4. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology of the study. – 3. Findings. – 3.1. Ukraine's fight against corruption during martial law. – 3.2. Lithuania's successful control and prevention of corruption during the state of emergency. – 3.3. Interview results – Factors contributing to corruption. – 3.4. Preventative measures. – 4. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Backgrounds. – 3. Literature Review. – 4. Factors Driving Intellectual Migration. – 5. Methodologies. – 6. Findings and Discussion. – 7. Conclusions.