Research Article

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. E-Commerce: Ethical Perspectives. – 4. Business Ethics of E-Commerce. – 5. Legal Answers to the Challenges of Data Protection in E-Commerce. – 5.1. Data protection. – 5.2. Ethical issues of data protection: big data as a challenge. – 6. Legal Frameworks for Violations in E-Commerce. – 6.1. general crimes that threaten data in e-commerce. – 6.2. The crimes of electronic traders. – 7. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Moving away from arbitration and towards ‘investment courts’ in investor-state disputes. – 3. The Achmea case: a further blow to the popularity and use of arbitration in Europe. – 4. Follow-up: the aftermath of the Achmea case. – 5. Arguments behind the current European anti-arbitration stance. – 6. Are proposed alternatives an adequate reply to the weaknesses of investor-state arbitration? – 7. Conclusion

1. Introduction. – 2. The History of Administrative Contracts. – 3. The Meaning of the Administrative Contract. – 4. Characteristics of Administrative Contracts. – 5. Types of Administrative Contracts and their Legal Function. – 6. The Difference between Administrative Contracts and Civil-Private Contracts. – 7. Administrative Contracts at International Aspect. – 8. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Historical background. – 3. Preparedness and the COVID-19. – 3.1. Business continuity. – 3.2. Administrative adaptations. – 3.3. Access to the premises and hygienic measures. – 3.4. Working conditions. – 3.5. Medical issues. – 3.6. Revealed cases of COVID infections. – 3.7. Protocolary activities. – 3.8. Communication. – 3.9. Safety and security. – 3.10. Interinstitutional coordination. – 3.11. Jurisdictional issues. – 3.12. Caseflow at the Court. – 3.13. Organisation of the Court Registry. – 3.14. General Court. – 3.15. General Court Registry. – 4. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 1.1. Research Methodology. – 1.2. Literature Review. – 2. Comprehending the Rule of Law Across Time. – 2.1. Ancient Era. – 2.2. Modern Time. – 3. Understanding the Ambiguity and Complexity of the Rule of Law Concept. – 4. The UN's Role in Promoting the Rule of Law. – 5. The Interplay Between the Rule of Law and Sustainable Development. – 5.1. Global Advocacy for the Rule of Law: The Importance of a Culture of Lawfulness. – 5.2. The Rule of Law in the SDGs Agenda. – 5.3. Exploring the Formal, Procedural, and Substantive Dimensions. – 5.4. Constitutional Implications. – 5.5. The Rule of Law and Good Governance. – 6. International Rule of Law. – 7. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. France: Simplified Procedures for the Recovery of Small Credits. – 3. Spain: Juicio Verbal and Monitorio Notarial. – 4. Italy: the Justices of the Peace. – 5. Concluding Remarks

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Criticism Of Determinate Sentencing And The Non-Definition Of Education And Resocialisation In German Juvenile Criminal Law. – 3. The Indeterminate Sentence As A Solution Approach. – 4. Systems Theory And Individualisation Thesis Of Societies In The Legal Sphere, According To Luhmann, As A Theoretical Justification For The Reintroduction Of Indeterminate Sentencing. – 5. Discussion. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Evolution of Appeal Measures in Civil Proceedings under the Polish Law. – 3. The Origin and Nature of the Extraordinary Complaint. – 4. Grounds for Appeal with the Use of an Extraordinary Complaint. – 5. Authority to File and Dates of Filing an Extraordinary Complaint. – 6. Judicial Resolution Following Extraordinary Complaint Examination. – 7. Concluding Remarks

1. Introduction. – 2. Human Rights and national minorities. – 3. Ahtisaari package is the “Achilles’ Heel” for Kosovo. – 4. Minority rights under the Constitution and laws into force in the Republic of Kosovo. – 4. 1. Serbian minority in Kosovo. – 4.2. Other non-majority communities in Kosovo. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology of the Study. – 3. Prevention of criminal offences as one of the main tasks of the criminal law. – 3.1. Non-compliance of the norms of the criminal law of Kazakhstan with the norms of international conventions. – 3.2. Proposals to eliminate inconsistency of the criminal code of Kazakhstan with international anti- corruption standards and to strengthen prevention of corruption. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Modern investment legal frameworks. – 2.1. The ideal legal frameworks for attracting foreign direct investment. – 2.2. Whether the effectiveness of the legal frameworks should be a determent factor in Foreign Direct Investment. – 3. An overview of KSA legal framework governing foreign investments. – 3.1. Policy objectives of KSA. – 3. 2. Legislative landscape. – 4. Preliminary matters. – 4.1 Investment law. – 4.2 Entry mechanism and Screening procedures. – 4.3. The GATS framework. – 4.4 Foreign Direct Investment Impact. – 4.5 Special Economic Cities. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Technological Solutions for Justice in the Digital Age. – 3. Risks of Using Digital Instruments in the Justice System. – 4. Algorithmic Justice: Is It Possible? – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: – 1. Introduction. – 2. The Notion and Types of Separate Proceedings and Their Place in Court Civil Proceedings. – 3. Criteria for Distinguishing Separate Proceedings. – 4. European Small Claims Procedure as Separate Proceedings – General Issues. – 5. Relationship Between the European Small Claims Procedure and Other Separate Proceedings: 5.1. Order for Payment Proceedings. 5.2. Writ of Payment Proceedings. 5.3. Electronic Writ of Payment Proceedings. 5.4. Simplified Procedure. 5.5. European Order for Payment Procedure. – 6. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Access to justice and access to court: challenges caused by war. – 3. Approaches to the principle of legal certainty. – 4. Views of Ukrainian scholars on the principle of legal certainty. – 5. Coordination of legal certainty and access to justice. – 5.1 Access to justice as an element of the rule of law along with legal certainty. – 5.2 Access to justice as a way of ensuring legal certainty. – 5.3 Access to justice and the influence of legal certainty requirements. – 6. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Theoretical Background. Changes in Perception of ADR: the Shift from the Alternative to Litigation towards Becoming an Integral Part of the Modern Civil Procedure. – 3. The Court-Connected Settlement Procedures, Applied in Austria, Lithuania, and Ukraine. – 3.1. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Austria. – 3.1.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Austrian Civil Justice. – 3.1.2. Court Conciliation. – 3.2. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Lithuania. – 3.2.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Lithuanian Civil Justice. – 3.2.2. Court Conciliation. – 3.2.3. Court Mediation. – 3.2.4. Benefits for the Judges, who Conciliate or Mediate. – 3.3. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Ukraine. – 3.3.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Ukrainian Civil Justice. – 3.3.2. Settlement of a Dispute with the Participation of a Judge. – 3.4. Comparison of the Court-Connected Settlement-Oriented Procedures in Austria, Lithuania, and Ukraine. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Harmonisation as a Result of National Law Reform. – 3. Harmonisation as a Result of Competition between Procedural Systems. – 4. Intended Harmonisation. – 5. Final Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Features of Settlement Agreements. – 3. Enforcement of a Mediated Settlement Agreement and Its Refusal. – 4. Final Provisions of the Singapore Convention. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction – 2. Defining Online Mediation. – 3. Technologies Used in Online Mediation. – 4. Areas of Application. – 5. Known Benefits. – 6. (Un)obvious Drawbacks. – 7. Solutions and Potential for Improvement. – 8. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. The Annexation of Crimea and Self-determination Denied. – 1.1. Introduction. – 1.2. Annexation of Crimea. – 1.3. The right to self-determination. – 2. History of recognising breakaway republics. – 3. Russia invaded international treaties. – 4. International law will prevail. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. E-justice in Ukraine and in Austria. – 2.1. E-justice and the Tasks of the Civil Procedure. – 2.2. Current State and Strategy of E-justice Development in Ukraine. – 2.3. Current State and Strategy of E-justice Development in Austria. – 2.4. Common Elements of E-justice in Ukraine and Austria. – 2.4.1. Submission of the Statement of Claim, Applications, other Documents to the Court in Electronic Form. –2.4.2. Electronic Evidence. – 2.4.3. Consideration of the Case in Electronic Form. – 3. Potential Risks and Benefits of E-justice Experience in Austria and Ukraine. – 3.1. The Main Features of E-justice and Risks. - 3.2. What Makes the Procedure More Effective? – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Privatization of civil justice. – 3. The Rule of Law concept. – 4. Does Privatized Justice Undermine or Promote the Rule of Law? – 5. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Legal interest and abuse of civil procedural rights. – 3. Abuse of right in the Polish civil procedure. – 4. Abuse of right in the European civil procedure. – 4.1. Abuse of the right to file an action and the right of defence in European procedural right. – 4.2. Abuse of right under Regulation on insolvency proceedings and regulation No. 2015/848. – 4.3. Abuse of procedural rights under the Regulation on jurisdiction and recognition of court decisions and their execution in civil and commercial cases and the Regulation No. 1215/2012 on jurisdiction and recognition of court decisions and their execution in civil and commercial cases. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. International Standards of Lustration of Judges: Basic Model and Ukrainian Perspectives. – 3. Lustration, Vetting, and Assessment of Judges: European Experience and Ukrainian Perspectives. – 4.  Lustration of Judges in Ukraine: Fundamental Challenges and Basic Results. – 5. Efficiency of Lustration: An Empirical Approach. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The Judicial System of Poland at the Present Stage. – 2.1. Constitutional Tribunal. – 2.2. The Common Courts System. – 2.3. Supreme Court. – 2.4. National Council for Judiciary. – 3. Judicial Reform in Ukraine in 2016: Problems of Implementation. – 3.1. General Characteristics of the Judiciary in Ukraine. – 3.2. Status of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine: Main Innovations. – 3.3. Status of the Supreme Court and Courts. – 3.4. Status of the High Council of Justice. – 4. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Proof as a Gradable Concept. – 3. Standards of Proof in Common Law Countries. – 4. Standards of Proof in Civil Law Countries. – 5. Is the Distinction Actually So Critical? – 6. Standards of Proof in Ukrainian Law. – 6.1. Recent Developments in Legislation and Jurisprudence. – 6.2. Lost Profit in Ukrainian Law. – 6.3. An O.J. Simpson Case Scenario in Ukraine? – 7. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Sources of Law of Small Claims. – 3. The Purpose and Principles of the Institute of Small Claims. – 4. Value of a Claim. – 5. Change of the Value of a Claim. – 6. Consideration of Small Claims. – 7. Representation of the Parties during Small Case Consideration. – 8. Evidence and Prooving when Considering Small Claims. – 9. Appeal against Court Decisions in Small Claims. – 10. Cassation Appeal against Court Decisions in Small Claims. – 11. Conclusions

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Human Rights under the Influence of Digital Technologies: Fundamental Changes. – 3. The Horizontal Concept of Human Rights and New Addressees of Human Rights Obligations. – 4. Artificial Intelligence and Expanding the Range of Fundamental Rights Holders. – 5. The Implications for Judicial Practice. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: – 1. Introduction. – 2. Electronification of civil justice, – 3. Preparatory stage of civil proceedings. – 4. Possibilities of group action in Lithuanian civil procedure. – 5. Concluding remarks

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Jurisdiction of the ICC Regarding Prosecution of Offenders Who Committed Crimes as a Result of the Full-scale Invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. – 3. ICC Model of Justice. – 4. Admissibility of Evidence at the ICC. – 5. Expert Status at the ICC. – 6. Peculiarities of Expert Involvement at the ICC. – 7. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Historical Background. – 3. Right to Court in Polish Case-law and Jurisprudence. – 4. The Way to View Absolute Procedural Premises. – 5. The Impact of Party Autonomy on Ending Polish Civil Proceedings without a Judgement. – 6. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. The Right to a Fair Trial and Independence of the Judiciary. – 2. Elements of Judicial Independence. – 3. Judicial Reforms in Eastern Europe: General Overview. – 3.1 Serbia. – 3.2 Northern Macedonia. – 3.3 Poland. – 3.4 Hungary. – 3.5 Romania. – 3.6 Moldova. – 3.7 Ukraine. – 4. Common Features of the Analysed Judicial Reforms in the Countries of Eastern Europe. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Literature Review: Islamic Finance in Uzbekistan. – 3. Methodology and Data. – 4. Findings: Legal Challenges of Islamic Finance in Uzbekistan. – 5. Conclusion and Recommendations.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. New Technologies as a spatial turn and Paradigms of International Relations. – 3. Technology and a New International Distribution of Power. - 4. Role of New Technologies as a driving force in the social construction of war and peace. - 5. The Aspects of New Technologies Involvement in International Relations: The Russian invasion on Ukrainian territories as an example. - 5.1. The absence of a binding legal framework to regulate the activities of the cyber domain. - 5.2. The Russian-Ukrainian war and the emergence of a new type of sanctions at the international level. - 5.3 Conflict and Technology: The emergence of Digital Currency as a challenge to international relations. – 6. Legal gaps in legal frameworks when addressing the impact of digital technologies in international relations – 7. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Existing Extrajudicial Mechanisms for Rights Protection of Financial Services Consumers in Ukraine. – 3. World Models of the Financial Ombudsman as the Basis for the Financial Ombudsman Institute in Ukraine. – 4. The Genesis of the Concept of a Financial Ombudsman in Ukraine. – 5. Current Legal, Institutional and Theoretical Prerequisites for Establishing an Institute of Financial Ombudsman in Ukraine. – 6. Preparation of the Draft Law of Ukraine ‘On the Institute of a Financial Ombudsman’. – 7. Compliance of the Draft Law of Ukraine ‘On the Institute of a Financial Ombudsman’ with the Principles of the Directive on Consumer ADR. – 8. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Activity of Prosecutor’s Office under Martial Law. – 2.1. Procedural Field. – 2.2. Cooperation Field. – 3. Civic Position and Destructions as Response of Prosecutor’s Office to War. – 3.1. Support of Defence Capability of the State. – 3.2. Destructions. – 4. Prospects for Prosecutor’s Office under Martial Law. – 5. Conclusions.

This article was prepared as part of the scientific project ‘Justice in the context of sustainable development’ Project No. 22BF042-01 (2022-2024).

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The Notions of an ‘Effective Remedy’ and an ‘Effective Remedy for Excessive Length of Proceedings’. – 3. Creating an Effective Remedy for Excessive Length of Proceedings in North Macedonia. – 3.1. Some General Facts and Figures about the Macedonian Human Rights Dossier at the ECHR. – 3.2. No Effective Length-ofproceedings Remedy until 2005. – 3.3. A First Step towards Creating an Effective Remedy. – 3.4. Other Steps forward. – 4. Follow up: some Aspects of Practical Implementation of the Length-of-proceedings Remedy in North Macedonia. – 5. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Literature review. – 3. Monitoring sources of legal regulation. – 4. Research methods. – 5. Discussion. – 6. Problematic issues impeding the effective prevention and counteraction of human trafficking. – 7. Legal approaches and tools to respond to the challenge of countering human trafficking. – 8. Results. – 9. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The History of Ukrainian Commercial Courts Development. – 3. Novels of Commercial Procedure in the Context of Judicial Reform. – 4. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. International Legal Means of Protecting the Right to Health During an Armed Conflict. – 3. National Narratives Regarding Ensuring the Right to Health During the Armed Conflict and Their Practical Implementation in Ukraine. – 4. Protection of Medical Workers and Health Institutions: The Realities of Russian Aggression in Ukraine. – 5. Conclusions.