Research Article

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology of the Study. – 3. Prevention of criminal offences as one of the main tasks of the criminal law. – 3.1. Non-compliance of the norms of the criminal law of Kazakhstan with the norms of international conventions. – 3.2. Proposals to eliminate inconsistency of the criminal code of Kazakhstan with international anti- corruption standards and to strengthen prevention of corruption. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. E-Commerce: Ethical Perspectives. – 4. Business Ethics of E-Commerce. – 5. Legal Answers to the Challenges of Data Protection in E-Commerce. – 5.1. Data protection. – 5.2. Ethical issues of data protection: big data as a challenge. – 6. Legal Frameworks for Violations in E-Commerce. – 6.1. general crimes that threaten data in e-commerce. – 6.2. The crimes of electronic traders. – 7. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 1.1. Research Methodology. – 1.2. Literature Review. – 2. Comprehending the Rule of Law Across Time. – 2.1. Ancient Era. – 2.2. Modern Time. – 3. Understanding the Ambiguity and Complexity of the Rule of Law Concept. – 4. The UN's Role in Promoting the Rule of Law. – 5. The Interplay Between the Rule of Law and Sustainable Development. – 5.1. Global Advocacy for the Rule of Law: The Importance of a Culture of Lawfulness. – 5.2. The Rule of Law in the SDGs Agenda. – 5.3. Exploring the Formal, Procedural, and Substantive Dimensions. – 5.4. Constitutional Implications. – 5.5. The Rule of Law and Good Governance. – 6. International Rule of Law. – 7. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Moving away from arbitration and towards ‘investment courts’ in investor-state disputes. – 3. The Achmea case: a further blow to the popularity and use of arbitration in Europe. – 4. Follow-up: the aftermath of the Achmea case. – 5. Arguments behind the current European anti-arbitration stance. – 6. Are proposed alternatives an adequate reply to the weaknesses of investor-state arbitration? – 7. Conclusion

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Criticism Of Determinate Sentencing And The Non-Definition Of Education And Resocialisation In German Juvenile Criminal Law. – 3. The Indeterminate Sentence As A Solution Approach. – 4. Systems Theory And Individualisation Thesis Of Societies In The Legal Sphere, According To Luhmann, As A Theoretical Justification For The Reintroduction Of Indeterminate Sentencing. – 5. Discussion. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Access to justice and access to court: challenges caused by war. – 3. Approaches to the principle of legal certainty. – 4. Views of Ukrainian scholars on the principle of legal certainty. – 5. Coordination of legal certainty and access to justice. – 5.1 Access to justice as an element of the rule of law along with legal certainty. – 5.2 Access to justice as a way of ensuring legal certainty. – 5.3 Access to justice and the influence of legal certainty requirements. – 6. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction – 2. Literature Review. – 3. Impacts and Consequences of Imposing “Unilateral Economic Sanctions” on Disputing States. – 3.1 Effect of Unilateral Economic Sanctions on Human Rights. – 3.1.1 Poverty. – 3.1.2 Economic inequality. – 3.1.3 Healthcare. – 3.1.4 Access to Education. – 3.2 Effect of Unilateral Economic Sanctions on Economies. – 3.2.1 Economic Growth and GDP. – 3.2.2 Increase in inflation rate and currency devaluation. – 3.2.3 Effect on Agriculture, Rural Areas, Raw Materials and Resources. – 3.3 Effect of Unilateral Economic Sanctions on International Trade and Diplomacy. – 3.4 Determining the Effectiveness of Lawful Unilateral Economic Sanctions. – 4. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Literature Review: Islamic Finance in Uzbekistan. – 3. Methodology and Data. – 4. Findings: Legal Challenges of Islamic Finance in Uzbekistan. – 5. Conclusion and Recommendations.

Summary: 1. The Annexation of Crimea and Self-determination Denied. – 1.1. Introduction. – 1.2. Annexation of Crimea. – 1.3. The right to self-determination. – 2. History of recognising breakaway republics. – 3. Russia invaded international treaties. – 4. International law will prevail. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Jurisdiction of the ICC Regarding Prosecution of Offenders Who Committed Crimes as a Result of the Full-scale Invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. – 3. ICC Model of Justice. – 4. Admissibility of Evidence at the ICC. – 5. Expert Status at the ICC. – 6. Peculiarities of Expert Involvement at the ICC. – 7. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Human Rights and national minorities. – 3. Ahtisaari package is the “Achilles’ Heel” for Kosovo. – 4. Minority rights under the Constitution and laws into force in the Republic of Kosovo. – 4. 1. Serbian minority in Kosovo. – 4.2. Other non-majority communities in Kosovo. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Legal Framework of Drones Under International Humanitarian Law. – 3.1. Definition and Nature of Drones. – 3.2. Relevant International Humanitarian Law Principles. – 4. Practical Examples of Drone Usage in Modern Conflicts. – 4.1. US Drone Operations in the Middle East. – 4.2. Israel’s Use of Drones in Gaza. – 4.3. Challenges in Ensuring Compliance with International Humanitarian Law. – 5. Court Cases and Judicial Rulings. – 5.1. International Court of Justice (ICJ) Cases. – 5.2. International Criminal Court (ICC) on Crimes of Aggression and Self-Defense. – 5.3. The Role of International Justice and Accountability. – 5.4. Balancing Theory and Practical Implementation. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Russia’s recognition of the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics. – 2.1. Information Operations. – 2.2 Legal Containment. – 2.3. Shape Legitimacy. – 2.4. Probe Legal Lacunae. – 2.5. Exploit Loopholes. – 2.6. Abdicate Obligations. – 2.7. Malign Influence. – 3. Developing a Malign Legal Operations Defence. – 3.1. Identify: Literacy, Intelligence, and Operationalising Legal Domains. – 3.2. Disrupt: Integrated Strategic Litigation, Litigator’s Dilemma, Illumination, Accountability. – 3.3. Defend: Legal Resilience and Deterrence, Red Teams and War Games, Closing Gaps. – 4. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Modern investment legal frameworks. – 2.1. The ideal legal frameworks for attracting foreign direct investment. – 2.2. Whether the effectiveness of the legal frameworks should be a determent factor in Foreign Direct Investment. – 3. An overview of KSA legal framework governing foreign investments. – 3.1. Policy objectives of KSA. – 3. 2. Legislative landscape. – 4. Preliminary matters. – 4.1 Investment law. – 4.2 Entry mechanism and Screening procedures. – 4.3. The GATS framework. – 4.4 Foreign Direct Investment Impact. – 4.5 Special Economic Cities. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Literature review. – 3. Monitoring sources of legal regulation. – 4. Research methods. – 5. Discussion. – 6. Problematic issues impeding the effective prevention and counteraction of human trafficking. – 7. Legal approaches and tools to respond to the challenge of countering human trafficking. – 8. Results. – 9. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Literature Review. – 3. The Legal Framework for the Right to Education of Refugee Children. – 4. National and International Efforts to Implement the Right to Education for Syrian Refugee Children in Jordan. – 5. The Reality of the Education of Syrian Refugee Children in Jordan and its Challenges. – 5.1 Economic Hardship. – 5.2 Safeguarding and Safety Concerns. – 5.3 Low Quality of Education. – 5.4 Obstacles Related to Educational Policies. – 6. Conclusions and Recommendations.

1. Introduction. – 2. The History of Administrative Contracts. – 3. The Meaning of the Administrative Contract. – 4. Characteristics of Administrative Contracts. – 5. Types of Administrative Contracts and their Legal Function. – 6. The Difference between Administrative Contracts and Civil-Private Contracts. – 7. Administrative Contracts at International Aspect. – 8. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Jurisdictional Innovations in the Field of Guaranteed International Arbitration Awards Enforcement. – 2.1. Formal-Legal Guarantees of Jurisdictional Decisions in Commercial Cases Execution: Comparative-Legal Analysis. – 2.2. Dual System of Commercial Interest’s Jurisdictional Protection. – 3. Identification of Obstacles to the International Arbitration Awards Enforcement. – 3.1. Formalisation of Legal Risk Calculations of International Arbitration Awards Non-Enforcement. – 3.2. Characteristics of Implicit Features in the Risks of International Arbitration Awards Non- Enforcement. – 3.3. Procedural and Other Factors Affecting the Enforceability of Arbitration Awards. – 4. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. The system of military state awards of Ukraine until 2014. – 3. The system of military state awards of Ukraine during the ATO and OOS (2014-2022) and the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine. – 4. General rules for presentation for awarding and awarding of state awards of Ukraine. – 5. Deprivation mechanism of state awards of Ukraine. – 6. Social policy of the state regarding persons who have been awarded military state awards of Ukraine. – 7. Legislative work on corruption risks in the awarding system. The State Register of Awardees. – 8. The foreign model of awarding as a state policy (on the example of continental Europe states and the Anglo-Saxon legal system). – 9. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Human Rights under the Influence of Digital Technologies: Fundamental Changes. – 3. The Horizontal Concept of Human Rights and New Addressees of Human Rights Obligations. – 4. Artificial Intelligence and Expanding the Range of Fundamental Rights Holders. – 5. The Implications for Judicial Practice. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Child as a Protected Person Under the Slovak Criminal Code. – 3. Definition of Victim and Damaged. – 4. Child as a Particularly Vulnerable Victim. – 5. Child in the Process of Victimisation. – 6. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Literature Review. – 2.1. Social Factors. – 2.2. Economic Factors. – 2.3. Political Factors. – 2.4. Legal Factors. – 3. Methods. – 4. Results: Modelling and Forecasting. – 5. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Right to Self-Defence: Article 51 of the UN Charter. – 4. Constraints/Limitations of the Right to Self-Defence. – 5. Concepts and Types of Anticipatory Self-Defence. – 6. Principles and Constituents of an Armed Attack Under International Law on Self-Defence. – 7. Proactive Self-Defence against Terrorism in International Law. – 8. Justifications for Proactive Self-Defence. – 9. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. France: Simplified Procedures for the Recovery of Small Credits. – 3. Spain: Juicio Verbal and Monitorio Notarial. – 4. Italy: the Justices of the Peace. – 5. Concluding Remarks

1. Introduction. – 2. Protecting the Rights of the Older Persons in International Law. – 2.1. Protecting of the Older persons in General International Instruments. – 2.1.1. Charter of the United Nations. – 2.1.2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. – 2.1.3. International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights. – 2.1.4. The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. – 2.2. The Protection of Older Persons in Light of the International Conventions Pertaining to Specific Categories. – 2.2.1. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. – 2.2.2. International Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. – 2.2.3. The International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. – 3. International Instruments for the Protection of the Rights of Older persons. – 3.1. Vienna International Plan of Action on Aging, 1982. – 3.2. The 1992 United Nations Principles on Older persons. – 3.3. Program of action of the International Conference on population and development. – 3.4. Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging. – 4. Protecting the Rights of Old Persons on the Regional and National Level. – 4.1. Protection of Old Persons at the Regional Level. – 4.2. Protection of Old Persons by national institutions. – 5. Older Persons Rights in the Constitutions of Arab States. – 5.1. The right to Equality and non-discrimination. – 5.2. The right to work. – 5.3. Right to Social Security. – 5.4. The right to health care. – 6. Conclusion and Recommendations. – 6.1. Conclusions. – 6.2. Recommendations.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Historical background. – 3. Preparedness and the COVID-19. – 3.1. Business continuity. – 3.2. Administrative adaptations. – 3.3. Access to the premises and hygienic measures. – 3.4. Working conditions. – 3.5. Medical issues. – 3.6. Revealed cases of COVID infections. – 3.7. Protocolary activities. – 3.8. Communication. – 3.9. Safety and security. – 3.10. Interinstitutional coordination. – 3.11. Jurisdictional issues. – 3.12. Caseflow at the Court. – 3.13. Organisation of the Court Registry. – 3.14. General Court. – 3.15. General Court Registry. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. — 2. Literature review. — 3. Methodology. — 4. Data. — 5. Results. – 6. Limitations of the study. — 7. Conclusions. — 8. Discussion & Legal aspects.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Evolution of Appeal Measures in Civil Proceedings under the Polish Law. – 3. The Origin and Nature of the Extraordinary Complaint. – 4. Grounds for Appeal with the Use of an Extraordinary Complaint. – 5. Authority to File and Dates of Filing an Extraordinary Complaint. – 6. Judicial Resolution Following Extraordinary Complaint Examination. – 7. Concluding Remarks

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Technological Solutions for Justice in the Digital Age. – 3. Risks of Using Digital Instruments in the Justice System. – 4. Algorithmic Justice: Is It Possible? – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The Nature and the Elements of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons in Saudi Arabia. – 2.1. Nature of the Crime of Trafficking in Human Beings. – 2.2. The Elements of Trafficking in Persons. – 2.2.1. Actus Reus (Physical Element). – 2.2.1.1. The Acts of Trafficking in Persons. – 2.2.1.2. Culpable Omission. – 2.2.2. Mens Rea (Mental Element). – 3. The Role of Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law 2009 in Minimising Trafficking in Persons. – 3.1. Wider Scale of Criminalisation. – 3.2. Discretionary Punishments. – 3.3. Harsher Penalties for Committing Trafficking in Persons with Aggravating Factors. – 3.4. The Same Punishment for The Perpetrators and Participants (Accessories, Accomplices) in Trafficking in Persons Crime. –3.5. The Same Punishment for Completed Crime and Attempted Crime. – 4. Protective Measures for Trafficked Persons (Victims). – 4.1. Enabling the Trafficked Persons to Know about Their Legal Rights. – 4.2. Referring the Trafficked Victims to Shelters. – 5. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. — 2. Evolution of human organ trafficking. — 3. Crime which is committed from before birth to after death. — 4. The current nexus between human organ trafficking, business, and poverty. — 5. Human organ trafficking rise as a major human rights issue. — 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 1.1. Legal Aspects. – 1.2. The Growing Role of Compliance in Countries Around the World. – 1.3. Theoretical Framework. – 1.4. Overview of Compliance Legislation and Regulations. – 2. Methodology. – 3. An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of the Use of Compliance in the Countries of the World. – 3.1. Anti-Corruption Compliance. – 3.2. Criminal and Law Compliance. – 3.3. Environmental Compliance. – 3.4. Financial Compliance. – 3.5. Labour Compliance. – 3.6. Clustering of the Countries of the World. – 4. Validity of the Results of the Study on the Effectiveness of Compliance Implementation in Eastern European Countries. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Judicial practice in Ukraine: from judicial generalisations to an open database of court decisions. – 3. Databases of court decisions of the Unified State Register of Court Decisions of Ukraine: problem or solution? – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Existing EU standards and legal requirements for entering the mediator’s profession. – 2.1. The mediator as a service provider: the EU concept of mediator and the peculiar specifics of this term. – 2.2. National mediators’ qualifications and training requirements: existing EU models and developing tendencies within the context of mandatory mediation. – 2.3. Recognition and accreditation of mediators from other Member States and Third Countries. – 3. Challenges under the existing patched regulations on practicing mediation in the EU. – 3.1. Absence of unified international standards in regard of international mediation practice. – 3.2. Inconsistencies in the recognition process allowing mediators to practice in the EU. – 3.3. Cross-border enforceability of mediation settlement agreements resulting from the work of mediators meeting different professional requirements. – 4. Conclusions and Recommendations.

1. Introduction. — 2. The concept of platform employment in Kazakhstan. — 3. The obligation to conclude an employment contract when hiring: an analysis of the current legislation and judicial practice. — 3.1. Employee performance (labour function) according to a certain qualification, specialty, profession or position. — 3.2 Fulfillment of obligations personally with submission to the labour schedule. — 3.3 Receipt of wages by the employee. — 4. Problem statemont. — 5. Methodology. — 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Activity of Prosecutor’s Office under Martial Law. – 2.1. Procedural Field. – 2.2. Cooperation Field. – 3. Civic Position and Destructions as Response of Prosecutor’s Office to War. – 3.1. Support of Defence Capability of the State. – 3.2. Destructions. – 4. Prospects for Prosecutor’s Office under Martial Law. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Nature of Sexual Harassment. – 3.1. The Concept of Sexual Harassment. – 3.2. Forms of Sexual Harassment. – 3.2.1. Verbal Harassment. – 3.2.2. Non-Verbal Harassment. – 3.2.3. Digital and Physical Harassment. – 3.3. Differentiating Sexual Harassment from Similar Behaviors. – 3.3.1. Sexual Harassment and Bullying. – 3.3.2. Sexual Harassment and Acts Against Modesty. – 3.3.3. Sexual Harassment and Indecent Assault. – 4. The Legal Framework for the Crime of Sexual Harassment in the UAE and France. – 4.1. Elements of the Crime of Harassment. – 4.1.1. Actus Reus (the guilty act) under the UAE and French Legislation. – 4.1.2. Mens Rea (the Guilty Mind) under the UAE and French Legislation. – 5. Penalties for the Crime of Sexual Harassment in the UAE and French Legislation. – 5.1. Penalties of Sextual Harassment in the UAE Law. – 5.2. Penalties of Sextual Harassment in French Law. – 6. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Theoretical Background. Changes in Perception of ADR: the Shift from the Alternative to Litigation towards Becoming an Integral Part of the Modern Civil Procedure. – 3. The Court-Connected Settlement Procedures, Applied in Austria, Lithuania, and Ukraine. – 3.1. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Austria. – 3.1.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Austrian Civil Justice. – 3.1.2. Court Conciliation. – 3.2. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Lithuania. – 3.2.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Lithuanian Civil Justice. – 3.2.2. Court Conciliation. – 3.2.3. Court Mediation. – 3.2.4. Benefits for the Judges, who Conciliate or Mediate. – 3.3. Court-Connected Settlement Procedures in Ukraine. – 3.3.1. Origins of the Settlement-Oriented Legal Regulation in Ukrainian Civil Justice. – 3.3.2. Settlement of a Dispute with the Participation of a Judge. – 3.4. Comparison of the Court-Connected Settlement-Oriented Procedures in Austria, Lithuania, and Ukraine. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. International Standards of Lustration of Judges: Basic Model and Ukrainian Perspectives. – 3. Lustration, Vetting, and Assessment of Judges: European Experience and Ukrainian Perspectives. – 4.  Lustration of Judges in Ukraine: Fundamental Challenges and Basic Results. – 5. Efficiency of Lustration: An Empirical Approach. – 6. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Copyright infringement. – 3.1. Copyright infringement in cyberspace. – 4. Legal framework for copyright protection: international and Kazakhstani perspectives. – 4.1. International legal response for online copyright infringement. – 4.2. ISP liability rules in the US. – 4.3. ISP liability rules in the UK. – 4.4. ISP liability rules in Ukraine. – 4.5. Kazakhstan. – 5. Conclusion.