Issue 4/2025

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Theoretical And Legal Foundations of Regulation. – 4. Regulatory Framework Governing Legal Assistance in Kazakhstan. – 4.1. Regulatory Framework for Advocates. – 4.2. Regulatory Framework for Legal Consultants. – 5. Regulation of Legal Assistance in Foreign Jurisdictions. – 5.1. Legal Services Regulation in the United Kingdom. – 5.2. The German Model of Legal Profession Regulation. – 5.3. Regulation of Legal Practice in Ukraine. – 6. Conclusion

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Same-Sex Marriage According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. – 4. The Readiness of Society to Accept Such Marriages and Members of The LGBT Community as Part of It. – 5. Marriage Between the Same Sexes and International Law. – 6. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methods. – 3. Regulations on the Emission Trading System and Carbon Tax: Experiences from Chinese Law and Lessons Learned for Vietnam. – 3.1 Analysis of the Legal Framework and Climate Finance Institutions. – 3.1.1 Challenges in Developing Climate Finance Institutions in Vietnam. – 3.1.2. Experience From China: Strengths And Limitations of a Comprehensive Legal Framework. – 3.1.3. Recommendations for Vietnam: Improving the Legal Framework and Climate Finance Institutions Towards Net Zero 2050. – 3.2. Analysis of Environmental Justice Issues and Climate Finance Policy. – 3.2.1. The Implementation of Environmental Justice in Response to Climate Change in Vietnam. – 3.2.2. China's Environmental Justice Enforcement and Its Limitations. – 3.2.3. Recommendations for Vietnam to Improve Regulations to Promote Environmental Justice. – 3.3 Analysis of the Right to Live in a Healthy Environment. – 3.3.1. Provisions of Vietnamese Law to Ensure Human Right to Live in a Healthy Environment. – 3.3.2. Experience From China in the Regulation to Ensure Human Right to Live in a Healthy Environment. – 3.3.3. Lessons Learned for Vietnam in Perfecting Regulations to Ensure Human Right to Live in a Healthy Environment. – 4. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. The Importance of Motivation in Institutional Performance. – 3.1. Modern Approaches and Public Service Motivation (PSM). – 3.2. Reforms in Administration and Their Effect on Motivation. – 3.3. Motivation as a Precursor for Institutional Success. – 4. Empirical Analysis: Efficiency of Basic Courts in Kosovo (2020–2024). – 5. Discussion. – 5.1. Regional Comparison and Common Challenges in The Western Balkans. – 6. Conclusions

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Research Findings: Wage Guarantees and Minimum Wage in the EAEU. – 4. Remuneration of Labour Migrants and Migration Policy: International Perspectives for the EAEU. – 5. International Decent Work Standards for Migrants and Mechanisms of Legal Protection in the EAEU. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Lawsuits against Ukraine. – 3.1. Claims Based on the Law of Ukraine "On Combating Terrorism". – 3.2. Claims Based on General Tort Law Principles. – 4. Lawsuits Against the Russian Federation. – 4.1. Jurisprudence before 2022. – 4.2. Proper Notification. – 4.3. Compensation Amounts. – 4.4. (Non)enforcement. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Findings. – 3.1. The Legal Framework of State’s Responsibility for compensating Victims of International Humanitarian Law Violations. – 3.2. Manifestations of Iran's International Responsibility for Violations of International Humanitarian Law in the Syrian War. – 3.3. Legal Standards for Aiding and Abetting Responsibility. – 4. Discussions. – 4.1. International Committees. – 4.2. The United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC): A Precedent for Institutional Accountability. – 4.3. International Courts. – 4.3.1. International Court of Justice. – 4.3.2. International Criminal Court. – 4.3.3. Special International Criminal Courts. – 4.4. Regional Human Rights Courts. – 4.5. National Courts. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Harmonising the Tax Code with the Law of Ukraine “On the Administrative Procedure”. – 3. Harmonising the Land Sector with the LAP. – 4. Adoption of the New Law on Appeals. – 5. Harmonisation of Digital Procedures. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Main Grounds for Applying to the ECtHR in Today`s Conditions in Ukraine. – 4. Measures Adopted by The ECtHR Following the Decision and Features of Their Application in Ukraine. – 5. Features and Status of Execution of the ECtHR Judgements in Ukraine through the Prism of Foreign Experience. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Findings and Discussion. – 3.1. The UAE Legal Framework for Remote Working. – 3.1.1. Institutional and Legal Foundation of Remote Work in the UAE. – 3.1.2. Judicial and Administrative Practice in the UAE. – 3.2. The European Union Legal Framework. – 3.3. Comparative Findings and Discussion. – 3.3.1 Working Time and Monitoring. – 3.3.2. Cross-Border Remote Work and Data Protection. – 3.3.3. Work–Life Balance and Employee Rights. – 4. Conclusions and Recommendations.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Developments of the Legislative Framework of Copyright and Related Rights. – 4. Institutional Framework and Enforcement Capacity. – 5. Future Challenges of Copyright in the Online Environment, Extending the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights. – 6. Conclusions and Recommendations.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Historical Development of Legal Incapacity and its Conceptual Changes in Recent Decades. – 3. International and Comparative Context of EU Countries Regarding Restrictions on Voting Rights Based on Legal Incapacity. – 4. Removing Restrictions on the Right to Vote in Lithuania: The Issue of Compatibility Between the Constitution and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Conceptual Relationship Between Extremism and Terrorism. – 4. The Concept of Ecological Extremism. – 5. Criminal Law Qualification of Ecological Extremism – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Greenwashing as a Legal Concept. – 4. The Greenwashing Preventive Measures. – 5. Legal Liability for Greenwashing Activities. – 6. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 1.1. Research Objectives. – 1.2. The Research Question. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Conceptual Framework. – 3.1 Definition Of Persons With Disabilities. – 3.2 Defining Forced Sexual Sterilisation. – 4. Historical And Ideological Foundations Of Forced Sterilisation. – 4.1 The Role Of Eugenics In Normalising Sexual Sterilisation. – 5. Laws And Case Law In Selected Jurisdictions. – 6. International Law And Human Rights. – 6.1 From Act To Violation: The Core Causal Chain. – 7. Discussion – 7.1 The Right Of Persons With Disabilities To Marry And Found A Family. – 7.2 The Right To Manage One’s Sexual And Reproductive Life. – 8. Conclusions

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology and Research Methods. – 3. Theoretical Framework on Electronic Evidence. – 3.1. Concept of Electronic Evidence. – 3.2. Fundamental Principles Governing Electronic Evidence. – 4. European and Vietnamese Legal Frameworks for Electronic Evidence. – 4.1. The European Regulatory Framework on Electronic Evidence. – 4.2. Shared Procedural Aspects of Investigating and Using Electronic Evidence. – 4.2.1. European Legal Framework. – 4.2.2. Vietnam’s Framework on Investigation of Electronic Evidence. – 5. Legal Gaps in Electronic Evidence Regulation in Vietnam Compared to the Budapest Convention. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Concept of Blockchain Technology. – 3.1. Jurisprudential Concept of Blockchain Technology. – 3.2. Legislative Approaches to Defining Blockchain Technology. – 4. Types of Blockchain Technology. – 4.1. Public Blockchain. – 4.2. Private Blockchain. – 4.3. Hybrid Blockchain. – 5. The Concept of Smart Administrative Contracts. – 6. Types of Smart Administrative Contracts. – 6.1. Deterministic Smart Administrative Contracts. – 6.2. Non-Deterministic Smart Administrative Contracts. – 7. Contract Language and Documentation. – 8. Mechanism of Smart Contracts Operation Via Blockchain Technology. – 9. Practical Application of a Smart Administrative Contract Based on Blockchain Technology. – 10. Challenges Facing Smart Administrative Contracts Based on Blockchain Technology. – 10.1. Legal Challenges. – 10.2. Technical Challenges. – 11. Conclusion.

Summary: Introduction. – 2. Primacy of Concern and Care, and the Importance of Empathy. – 3. Universalistic Understanding of Dignity and Social Rights. – 4. Decolonial Turn, Empathy and Universality of Human Dignity. – 5. Neoliberal Capitalism: Violation of Dignity and Its Coloniality. – 6. Neoliberal Capitalism and the Rise of Illiberal Democracies and Authoritarianism: Why Do We Need to Talk about Neoliberal Capitalism’s Adverse Effects in the Wake of War in Ukraine? – 7. Coloniality of Positivist and Postmodern Social Sciences. – 8. Persistence of Poverty, Neoliberal Mindset and Minimalism Principle in Legal Systems. – 9. Cultural Change through Reviving Empathy and Dignity: Promises of Decolonial Turn. – 10. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Right to Gender Reassignment under International Human Rights Law and Trends of Countries. – 4. Views and Public Opinions on Recognising Transgender Rights in Vietnam. – 4.1. Is Transgenderism a Personal Right?. – 4.2. What are the Conditions for Being Recognised as a Transgender Person?. – 4.3. How Many Times Can an Individual Change his/her Gender?. – 5. Vietnam’s Efforts in Building a Legal Basis to Ensure Transgender Rights. – 5.1. Changes in Perception and Ideas Toward Codifying Transgender Rights. – 5.2. Vietnam's Efforts in Recognising Transgender Rights and Implementing International Commitments. – 6. Discussion on the Challenges to the Recognition of Transgender Rights and the Implementation of the Laws on Transgender in Vietnam. – 6.1. The Impact of Confucian Ideology on Transgender Rights. – 6.2. Social Barriers and Challenges: Stigma and Discrimination Against Transgender People. – 6.3. Barriers and Challenges in Performing and Enforcing Laws Related to Transgender People. – 6.4. Barriers and Challenges Related to Beliefs and Religions. – 7. Conclusion.