Issue 2/2025

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodologies. – 3. The Nature of Performance- Enhancing Drugs in Sports. – 4. International Legal Mechanisms Dedicated to Combating Doping. – 4.1. International Efforts to Combat Doping in Sports. – 4.2. Forms of Violations of the Anti-Doping Rules in the World Anti-Doping Code. – 5. Criminalization of Doping and Athletes' Responsibility. – 5.1. Laws Specifically Criminalizing Doping. – 5.2. Laws Without Specific Criminalization of Doping. – 6. Scope of Criminal Liability and Dispute Resolution Mechanisms. – 6.1. Exclusion of Criminal Responsibility for Athletes. – 6.2. Responsibility of Contributors. – 6.3. Jurisdiction to Consider Doping Cases in Sports. – 7. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. The Legal Challenges of Automation in the Workplace. – 3.1. Automation and Discrimination in the Workplace. – 3.2. Automation and Privacy Violation in the Workplace. – 3.3. Automation and Liability in the Workplace. – 3.4. Automation and IP in the Workplace. – 3.4.1. Determination of Ownership. – 3.4.2. AI Infringement and Liability. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology and Research Methods. – 3. Overview of Personal Data Processing and Online Behaviour Advertising. – 3.1. Overview of Personal Data Processing. – 3.2. Overview of Online Behavioural Advertising. – 4. The Impact of Online Behavioural Advertising on Human Rights. – 4.1. Online Behavioural Advertising Invades Privacy. – 4.2. Online Behavioural Advertising Violates the Right to Information Autonomy. – 4.3. Online Behavioural Advertising Personal Autonomy. – 5. EU Legal Regulation on Consent to Processing Personal Data in Online Behavioural Advertising. – 5.1. Consent Must Be Freely Given. – 5.2. Consent Must Be Explicitly Given. – 5.3. Consent Must Be Given in an Informed Manner. – 6. Vietnam Context of Online Behavioural Advertising. – 7. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. Overview of AI Transparency in the EU AI Act. – 3.1. Particularities of AI Transparency in the EU AI Act. – 3.2. Limitations of AI Transparency. – 4.Transparency Zones. –4.1. Zero Transparency Zone. – 4.2. Basic Transparency Zone. – 4.3. Moderate Transparency Zone. – 4.4. High Transparency Zone. – 4.5. Hybrid Transparency Zone. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. Judicial Control of the Public Administration. – 3.1. Judicial Control of the Public Administration in Kosovo. – 4. Judicial Control of Public Administration in the Countries of the Region. – 5. Research and Results. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Improving the Performance of the Tax Administration. – 3.1. In Terms of Human Resources. – 3.1.1. Increase in the Number of Auditors. – 3.1.2. Improved Training of Auditors. – 3.1.3. Strengthening the Motivation of Auditors. – 3.2. In terms of Material Resources. – 3.2.1. Strengthening the Computerization of Tax Administration Services. – 3.2.2. Equipment of Tax Administration Services. – 4. The Development of Quality Services. – 4.1. Access to Tax Legislation and Information. – 4.1.1. Stability of Tax Law. – 4.1.2. Simplification and Accessibility to the Tax Law. – 4.2. Improving Tax Procedures and Techniques. – 4.2.1. At the Level of the Tax Base and Assessment. – 4.2.2 At the Level of the Tax Collection. – 5. The Effects of Tax Administration Governance on Relations with Taxpayers – 6. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. Misleading Information as a Form of Illegal Content. – 3.1. The Concept of Illegal Content. – 3.2. The Concept of False Information. – 4. The Crime of Receiving Incentives to Publish Illegal Content or False Information. – 4.1. The Material Element (Actus Reus). – 4.1.1. Forms of Criminal Activity. – 4.1.2. Purpose of Criminal Act. – 4.2. The Mental Element (Mens Rea). – 4.2.1. Knowledge. – 4.2.2. Will. – 4.3 The Penalty for the Crime. – 5. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The Advantages of Assigning a Judge for the Execution of Personal Status. – 3. Validity of Judgments in the Implementation of Personal Status Matters. – 4. The Prohibition of Travel for Wards. – 5. Implementing Judgments with a Foreign Element. – 6. Conclusions. – 6.1. Results. – 6.2. Recommendations.

1. Introduction. – 2. Global Law's Capacity to Control Land-Sourced Marine Pollution. – 2.1. Analysis of the international Legal System. – 2.1.1. Internationally Recognized Customary Law and General Legal Principles. – (i) The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). – 2.1.2. Creation of Non-Binding Measures. – 3. Regional Accords on the Control of land-Based Pollution: An Analytical Study. – 3.1. Insights Across the Board. – 3.1.1. From Black Lists to a Common System for Identifying Dangerous Substances. – (i) The Issues with the Black/Grey Lists Method. – (ii) Creation of a "Uniform Strategy”. – 3.2. The Precautionary Method. – 3.2.1. Precautionary Method as Enshrined in Regional Treaties. – 3.2.2. Constraints on Precautionary Thinking. – 3.2.3. Using State-of-the-Art Methods and Eco-Friendly Procedures. – 3.2.4. Evaluation and Tracking of Environmental Effects. – 4. Compliance with applicable International Regulations Subject to International Oversight. – 4.1. System for Reporting. – 4.1.1. The Role of Treaty Commissions in Oversight. – 4.2. Substantial Disputes Regarding Marine Pollution Arising from Terrestrial Sources. – 4.3. Legal Frameworks and Mechanisms for Environmental Dispute Resolution. – 5. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation: Nature and Legal Characteristics. – 3.1. Historical Development of Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation. – 3.2. Conceptual Convergence of Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation. – 3.3. Legal Nature of Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation. – 4. Scope, Parties, and Conditions of Criminal Reconciliation in Jordanian, Emirati, and French Legislation. – 4.1. Scope of Criminal Reconciliation. – 4.2. Parties of Criminal Settlement. – 4.3. Terms of the Criminal Reconciliation Agreement. – 5. Impacts of Criminal Reconciliation on Criminal Litigation. – 5.1. Impact of Criminal Reconciliation During the Evidence-Gathering Stage. – 5.2. The Impact of Reconciliation During the Criminal Investigation Stage. – 5.3. Impact of Criminal Reconciliation During the Trial. – 5.4. Impact of Criminal Reconciliation After Sentencing. – 6. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. Inheritance in Ukraine. – 4. Legal Issues in Inheritance Disputes of De Facto Spouses. – 5. Granting of One-Time Financial Assistance in the Event of the Death of Defenders of Ukraine. – 6. Foreign Practices in Lump-Sum Payments in the Event of a Servicemember’s Decease. – 7. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Research Methodology. – 3. The Development of the Nature of the Administrative Dispute from Protecting (Objective) Legality to Effective Protection of Human Rights. – 4. Judicial Powers and Mechanisms for Effective Judgment Implementation. – A. Trial Phase. – 1. Mechanisms at the Disposal of the Administrative Authority. – 2. Mechanisms at the Disposal of the Court. – B. Judgment Issuance Phase. – 1. Instructions to the Administrative Authority on How to Proceed after Annulment – ‘Didactic’ Function of the Judgment. – 2. Administrative Court Injunction Requiring the Administration to Act in a Particular Way to Implement an Administrative Court Decision. – 3. Res judicata as a Mechanism for Ensuring Compliance with an Administrative Court Decision. – 4 Power to Set the Temporal and Other Effects of the Judgment Annulling the Administrative Act. – C. Post-Judgment Phase. – 1. Communication between the Administrative Authority and the Administrative Courts after Annulment to Ensure the Correct Implementation of the Administrative Court Decision. – 2. Escalation of Sanctions in Case of Non-Execution of Administrative Court Decisions. – 5. Conclusion.

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Research. – 3.1. The Constitutional Framework of The Public Health Emergency: The Separation of Powers During the Pandemic. – 3.2. Restrictions on Fundamental Rights Throughout the Pandemic. – 4. Discussions. – 5. Conclusions.

1. Introduction. – 2. Corruption in Ukraine. – 3. Anti-Corruption Bodies in Ukraine. – 4. Media, Government and Society: The Theories. – 5. Media, Government and Society: The Ukrainian Practice. – 6. Website Analysis Methodology. – 7. Results and Discussion. – 8. Public Watchdogs’ Right to Access Information Held by State Authorities in Wartime. – 9. Conclusions.

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