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THE ROLE OF CRIMINAL RECONCILIATION IN ACTIVATING RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN JORDANIAN, EMIRATI, AND FRENCH LEGISLATION (AN ANALYTICAL LEGAL STUDY)

1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation: Nature and Legal Characteristics. – 3.1. Historical Development of Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation. – 3.2. Conceptual Convergence of Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation. – 3.3. Legal Nature of Restorative Justice and Criminal Reconciliation. – 4. Scope, Parties, and Conditions of Criminal Reconciliation in Jordanian, Emirati, and French Legislation. – 4.1. Scope of Criminal Reconciliation. – 4.2. Parties of Criminal Settlement. – 4.3. Terms of the Criminal Reconciliation Agreement. – 5. Impacts of Criminal Reconciliation on Criminal Litigation. – 5.1. Impact of Criminal Reconciliation During the Evidence-Gathering Stage. – 5.2. The Impact of Reconciliation During the Criminal Investigation Stage. – 5.3. Impact of Criminal Reconciliation During the Trial. – 5.4. Impact of Criminal Reconciliation After Sentencing. – 6. Conclusions.

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 Background: The study investigates how restorative justice in France, the United Arab

Emirates, and Jordan is triggered by reconciliation. With an emphasis on social cohesion and

justice, criminal reconciliation aims to address crime through alternative means. To address

the shortcomings of conventional criminal justice, this study looks at negotiated justice in these

nations. It places a strong emphasis on defending people's rights and mending the victim-

offender bond. Punitive measures are subordinated to compensatory justice.

Conciliatory justice has replaced traditional punitive measures in the criminal justice systems

of the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and France. Due to the ineffectiveness of traditional

punitive measures for minor offences, parties are now able to settle their differences outside of

the legal system. An alternative to reconciliatory justice, criminal reconciliation attempts to

settle disputes amicably by addressing the repercussions of the crime, making amends,

reintegrating offenders, and fostering social harmony.

Methods: The study utilised descriptive, analytical-inductive, and comparative methods to

analyse legal aspects of criminal reconciliation in three countries. The analytical-inductive

method collected and examined data, the comparative method contrasted legal texts, and the

descriptive method described the phenomenon.

Results and conclusions: Jordanian, Emirati, and French legislations should establish an

arbitral system for criminal reconciliation, allowing accused individuals to plead for specific

crimes. Repeat offences should be addressed with legal action, and criminal reconciliation

should lead to the expiration of criminal claims, including social services and therapy.

Abstract

 Background: The study investigates how restorative justice in France, the United Arab

Emirates, and Jordan is triggered by reconciliation. With an emphasis on social cohesion and

justice, criminal reconciliation aims to address crime through alternative means. To address

the shortcomings of conventional criminal justice, this study looks at negotiated justice in these

nations. It places a strong emphasis on defending people's rights and mending the victim-

offender bond. Punitive measures are subordinated to compensatory justice.

Conciliatory justice has replaced traditional punitive measures in the criminal justice systems

of the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, and France. Due to the ineffectiveness of traditional

punitive measures for minor offences, parties are now able to settle their differences outside of

the legal system. An alternative to reconciliatory justice, criminal reconciliation attempts to

settle disputes amicably by addressing the repercussions of the crime, making amends,

reintegrating offenders, and fostering social harmony.

Methods: The study utilised descriptive, analytical-inductive, and comparative methods to

analyse legal aspects of criminal reconciliation in three countries. The analytical-inductive

method collected and examined data, the comparative method contrasted legal texts, and the

descriptive method described the phenomenon.

Results and conclusions: Jordanian, Emirati, and French legislations should establish an

arbitral system for criminal reconciliation, allowing accused individuals to plead for specific

crimes. Repeat offences should be addressed with legal action, and criminal reconciliation

should lead to the expiration of criminal claims, including social services and therapy.

About Authors

 Raed S. A. Faqir

PhD (Law), Associate Professor in Criminal Law, College of Law, American University in

the Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Associate Professor in Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan

raed.faqir@aue.ae

r.faqir@bau.edu.jo

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6102-0983

Co-author, responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, validation, writing-original draft.

Alaeldin Mansour Maghaireh

PhD (Law), Assistant Professor in Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Ajman University, Ajman,

United Arab Emirates

a.maghaireh@ajman.ac.ae

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9248-1195 

Corresponding author, responsible for research methodology, data curation, investigation,

writing-original draft.


Tarek Abdel Salam

PhD (Law), Professor in Tax and Financial Legislations, Dean of College of Law, American

University in the Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Professor of Public Finance, Faculty of Law, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt

claw.dean@aue.ae

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9855-3625

Co-author, responsible for research methodology, data curation, investigation, writing-

original draft.

Ehab Alrousan

PhD (Law), Associate Professor in Criminal Law, College of Law, American University in

the Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

ehab.alrousan@aue.ae

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9888-1111

Co-author, responsible for research methodology, data curation, investigation, writing-

original draft.

Mohammed Nour Eldeen Sayed

PhD (Law), Associate Professor in Criminal Law, College of Law, University of Kalba, Kalba,

United Arab Emirates

mohammed.sayed@ukb.ac.ae

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8952-3552

Co-author, responsible for research methodology, data curation, investigation, writing-

original draft.

Luma Ali Faraj Al Dhaheri

PhD (Law), Associate Professor, College of Law, American University in the Emirates,

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

luma.aldahery@aue.ae

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4826-5123

Co-author, responsible for research methodology, data curation, investigation, writing-

original draft.

Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.

Disclaimer: The authors declare that their opinion and views expressed in this manuscript

are free of any impact of any organizations.

Copyright: Raed S. A. Faqir, Alaeldin Mansour Maghaireh, Tarek Abdel Salam,

Ehab Alrousan, Mohammed Nour Eldeen Sayed, Luma Ali Faraj Al Dhaheri. This is an open

access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License,

(CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any

 

medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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    АНОТАЦІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЮ МОВОЮ

 

Дослідницька стаття

РОЛЬ ПРИМИРЕННЯ В АКТИВІЗАЦІЇ ВІДНОВНОГО ПРАВОСУДНЯ В КРИМІНАЛЬНОМУ ЗАКОНОДАВСТВІ ЙОРДАНІЇ, ЕМІРАТІВ ТА ФРАНЦІЇ (АНАЛІТИЧНО-ПРАВОВЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ)

Раед С. А. Факір, Алаелдин Магхайре*, Тарек Абдель Салам, Ехаб Алрусан,

Могаммед Нур Елдін Сайєд та Лума Алі Фарадж Аль Дагері

АНОТАЦІЯ

Вступ. У дослідженні вивчається, як відновне правосуддя у Франції, Об’єднаних

Арабських Еміратах та Йорданії здійснюється за допомогою примирення. Із наголосом

на соціальній згуртованості та справедливості примирення у кримінальному

провадженні має на меті боротися зі злочинністю альтернативними засобами. Щоб

усунути недоліки традиційного кримінального правосуддя, у цій статті розглядається

договірне правосуддя в зазначених країнах. Звернено увагу на захист прав людини і

налагодження зв’язку між жертвою та правопорушником. Каральні заходи

підпорядковуються компенсаційному правосуддю.

Примирне правосуддя замінило традиційні каральні заходи в системах кримінального

правосуддя Об’єднаних Арабських Еміратів, Йорданії та Франції. Через неефективність

традиційних заходів покарання за дрібні правопорушення сторони тепер можуть

вирішувати свої розбіжності поза правовою системою. Примирення, альтернатива

відновному правосуддю, намагається вирішити суперечки мирним шляхом за допомогою

усунення наслідків злочину, відшкодування шкоди, реінтеграції правопорушників і

сприяння соціальній злагоді.

Методи. У статті використовувалися описовий, аналітико-індуктивний та

порівняльний методи для аналізу правових аспектів примирення в трьох країнах. За

допомогою аналітико-індуктивного методу було зібрано і проаналізовано дані.

Порівняльний метод застосовували для зіставлення юридичних текстів, а описовий —

для опису досліджуваного явища.

Результати та висновки. Кримінальне законодавство Йорданії, ОАЕ та Франції має

запровадити арбітражну систему примирення, дозволяючи обвинуваченим особам

заявляти про конкретні злочини. Повторні правопорушення повинні вирішуватися в

судовому порядку, а примирення має призвести до закриття провадження за

кримінальними позовами, включно з наданням відповідних соціальних послуг та терапією.

Ключові слова: відновне правосуддя, примирення у кримінальному законодавстві,

компенсаційна угода, зміст примирення та його сторони, правові наслідки, закриття

провадження за кримінальним позовом, Йорданія, Об’єднані Арабські Емірати, Франція.

Keywords

  • restorative justice, criminal reconciliation, compensatory agreement, scope of reconciliation and its parties, legal consequences, expiration of the criminal claim, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, France.

Publication history

  •  Date of submission: 08 Feb 2025

    Date of acceptance: 31 Mar 2025

    Date of publication: 14 May 2025

    Whether the manuscript was fast tracked? - No

    Number of reviewer report submitted in first round: 2 reports

    Number of revision rounds: 1 round, last revised version submitted 27 Mar 2024

    Technical tools were used in the editorial process:

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    Managing Editor – Mag. Yuliia Hartman. . English Editor – Julie Bold.

    Ukrainian Language Editor – Mag. Liliia Hartman.

How to cite it?

  •  Faqir RSA, Maghaireh AM, Abdel Salam T, Alrousan E, Eldeen Sayed MN and Al Dhaheri

    LAF, ‘The Role of Criminal Reconciliation in Activating Restorative Justice in Jordanian,

    Emirati, and French Legislation (An Analytical Legal Study)’ (2025) 8(2) Access to Justice

    in Eastern Europe 93-120
    https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-8.2-r000108