1. Introduction to Hate Crimes and Hate Speech: A Part of Extremism. – 2. Conceptual and Legal Issues of Extremism in the Slovak Republic: Finding the Borders of Allowed Speech. – 3. Criminal Law Aspects of Extremism. – 4. Administrative Law Aspects of Extremism. – 5. Practical Problems of Punishment of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech Related to Subsidiarity of Criminal Law. – 6. Sanctioning of Hate Crimes and Hate Speech. – 7. Conclusions and Recommendations.
Background:
Extremism poses a cross-border social problem, lacking a universally accepted definition. In principle, so-called hate crimes are specific types of criminal offences that cut across all types of extremism. We can even talk about their conceptual overlap. A special category of hate crimes is represented by so-called verbal attacks, known as hate speech, which are considered an abuse of freedom of expression from an international perspective as well as in jurisprudence of the European Court on Human Rights. As a result of such a perception, their criminal sanction comes into consideration. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity of criminal law repression, another method of sanctioning hate crimes and hate speech is also possible, namely by administrative law. The existence of “multiple legal regulations” on extremism as delict caused a dual sanctioning system of extremism. It leads to application problems in legal practice, for example, an unclear understanding of offences from criminal and administrative perspectives or even the weak possibility of investigating such acts by State power. The main objective of the contribution is to point out the dual legal regulation (criminal and administrative) of the sanctioning of extremism, in particular its special category – hate crimes and hate speech.
Moreover, the objective of the contribution is to assess its unclear issues in legal understanding and to identify specific application problems caused by its dual system (criminal and administrative). Special attention is focused on applicable sanctions in both the criminal law area and administrative law areas. At the end, suggestions on how to solve indicated problems are introduced.
Methods:
The primary sources used for the elaboration of the contribution are scholarly sources (books, studies, scientific papers, etc.), legislative instruments (national and international legislation) and case law (of Slovak national courts and the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union). The authors use traditional methods of legal scientific (jurisprudential) research – general scientific methods and special methods of legal science (jurisprudence).
The general scientific methods used in the paper are predominantly logical methods, namely, the method of analysis, the method of synthesis, the method of analogy, and the descriptive method. The descriptive method has been used to familiarise the reader with the current legal regulation of extremism. The method of analysis has been used regarding relevant legal provisions and case-laws of courts. The method of synthesis has also been used. The special methods of legal science used here predominantly include methods belonging to a group of interpretative methods, namely, the teleological method, the systematic method and the comparative method. The teleological method has been used to explain the purpose of legislative instruments. The systematic method has been used to classify the relevant applicable law. The comparative method has been used to examine the relationship between legislative perspectives – criminal and administrative.
Results and Conclusions:
Regarding extremism offences committed in the Slovak Republic, in specific cases, the decision making whether the committed offence is criminal or of an administrative nature depends on the attitude of the person who committed it. In the Slovak Republic, legislative amendments are intended to address the area of extremism offences, but they have not been introduced as final. A new legal regulation of the administrative offences of extremism is envisaged in terms of their definition. A new sanctioning policy of extremism administrative offences by juvenile offenders is also expected. Moreover, the application of probation in case of offences committed by juvenile delinquents in the area of extremism is recommended and preferred. It would highlight the importance of restorative justice, including its strengthening. Probation would allow the court, when sanctioning extremism in the criminal law area, to create a so-called tailor-made sanction, which would strengthen the individualisation of the sanction, the educational purpose of the sanction and the achievement of both the purpose of the sanction and the purpose of the Criminal Code, which is to protect society from criminal offences and their perpetrators. Even the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic partially examined the modification of the elements of criminal offences of extremism.
Sergej Romža
PhD (Law), Professor and Head at the Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia
sergej.romza@upjs.sk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2432-5681
Co-author, responsible for writing, conceptualization, resources, and review.
Simona Ferenčíková
PhD (Law), Vice-Dean, Associate Professor at the Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Slovakia
simona.ferencikova@upjs.sk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7897-0168
Co-author, responsible for writing, conceptualization, resources, review, and project administration.
Libor Klimek
PhD (Law), Associate Professor at the Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
libor.klimek@umb.sk
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3826-475X
Corresponding author, responsible conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis and editing.
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Disclaimer: The authors declare that their opinions and views expressed in this manuscript are free of any impact of any organizations.
Copyright: © 2024 Sergej Romža, Simona Ferenčíková and Libor Klimek. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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