Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Child Homelessness and Neglect in Ukraine in the 1920s. – 2.1. Protection measures for homeless and neglected children. – 2.2. The issue in the case law of Ukraine. – 3. Child Homelessness and Neglect in Poland in the 1920s. – 4. Protection of Homeless and Neglected Children. – 5. Conclusions.