ADDRESSING HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF KAZAKHSTAN: THE ROLE OF THE PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE AND A CALL FOR LEGISLATIVE REFORMS
1. Introduction. – 2. Understanding Human Rights Violations within the Criminal Justice System. – 3. Methodologies. – 4. The International Dimension of Human Rights in Criminal Justice. – 5. Commitment to Enhancing Human Rights in National Legal Frameworks of Kazakhstan. – 6. Human Rights Violations in the Criminal Justice of Kazakhstan. – 7. The Role of the Prosecutor's Office in Protecting Human Rights in the Criminal Justice System of Kazakhstan. – 8. Conclusions.
Abstract
Background:
Human rights violations within the criminal justice system represent a pervasive problem. International human rights agreements and national laws clearly assert the absolute protection of human rights. However, despite these strong legal principles, human rights violations frequently occur within the criminal justice system. This article examines the problem of human rights violations in the criminal justice system of Kazakhstan and the role of the prosecutor's office in protecting human rights.
Methods:
This study utilised documentary analysis and secondary data analysis methodologies to conduct a detailed examination of legal acts, international agreements, and policy documents It specifically reviewed documents including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Constitutional Law “On the Prosecutor's Office”, the Concept of Legal Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan up to 2030, and human rights reports from international bodies such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and Freedom House. The study also analysed reports from the Ministry of Justice and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Results and conclusions:
By analysing international human rights treaties, national legislation, and reports from leading human rights organisations, the study exposes significant discrepancies between legal mandates and actual practices. Despite Kazakhstan's formal commitment to international human rights standards, it reveals systemic issues, including instances of human rights abuses in criminal justice. The study highlights the critical role of the prosecutor's office in human rights protection while also pointing out the challenges in effectively fulfilling these responsibilities. The findings stress the importance of legislative reforms for enhancing the protection of human rights in criminal justice. The study is particularly relevant for policymakers, human rights advocates, and scholars interested in the intersection of law enforcement and human rights protections, offering insights that could guide future improvements in criminal justice practices.
Human rights violations within the criminal justice system represent a pervasive problem. International human rights agreements and national laws clearly assert the absolute protection of human rights. However, despite these strong legal principles, human rights violations frequently occur within the criminal justice system. This article examines the problem of human rights violations in the criminal justice system of Kazakhstan and the role of the prosecutor's office in protecting human rights.
Methods:
This study utilised documentary analysis and secondary data analysis methodologies to conduct a detailed examination of legal acts, international agreements, and policy documents It specifically reviewed documents including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the Constitutional Law “On the Prosecutor's Office”, the Concept of Legal Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan up to 2030, and human rights reports from international bodies such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and Freedom House. The study also analysed reports from the Ministry of Justice and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Results and conclusions:
By analysing international human rights treaties, national legislation, and reports from leading human rights organisations, the study exposes significant discrepancies between legal mandates and actual practices. Despite Kazakhstan's formal commitment to international human rights standards, it reveals systemic issues, including instances of human rights abuses in criminal justice. The study highlights the critical role of the prosecutor's office in human rights protection while also pointing out the challenges in effectively fulfilling these responsibilities. The findings stress the importance of legislative reforms for enhancing the protection of human rights in criminal justice. The study is particularly relevant for policymakers, human rights advocates, and scholars interested in the intersection of law enforcement and human rights protections, offering insights that could guide future improvements in criminal justice practices.
About Authors
Kanatay Dalmatov
Ph.D. (Law) Candidate, Faculty of law, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
dalqanatai@proton.me
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1339-5163
Co-author, responsible for conceptualization, supervision, methodology, data curation, investigation, writing-original draft, writing – review and editing.
Daniyar Nurmukhanbet
Ph.D. (Law), Vice-Rector, International Taraz Innovative Institute, Taraz, Kazakhstan
info@htii.kz
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6816-2110
Co-author, responsible for investigation, methodology, writing-original draft.
Kairat Yernishev
Ph.D. (Law), Dean, Faculty of Economics and Law, Taraz Regional University named after M.Kh. Dulaty, Taraz, Kazakhstan
ka.ernishev@dulaty.kz
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-3009
Co-author, responsible for investigation, formal analysis, writing-original draft.
Akynkozha Zhanibekov
Ph.D. (Law), Deputy Dean, Faculty of Law, Kazakh National University Al Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan
akynkozha.zhanibekov@kaznu.kz
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-2123
Co-author, responsible for investigation, visualization, writing-original draft.
Bakhyt Altynbassov
Ph.D. (Law), EdD candidate, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
gr19948@bristol.ac.uk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-4315
Corresponding author, responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, project administration, validation, writing-original draft, writing – review and editing.
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Disclaimer: The authors declare that their opinion and views expressed in this manuscript are free of any impact of any organizations.
Copyright: © 2024 Kanatay Dalmatov, Daniyar Nurmukhanbet, Kairat Yernishev, Akynkozha Zhanibekov and Bakhyt Altynbassov. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Ph.D. (Law) Candidate, Faculty of law, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
dalqanatai@proton.me
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1339-5163
Co-author, responsible for conceptualization, supervision, methodology, data curation, investigation, writing-original draft, writing – review and editing.
Daniyar Nurmukhanbet
Ph.D. (Law), Vice-Rector, International Taraz Innovative Institute, Taraz, Kazakhstan
info@htii.kz
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6816-2110
Co-author, responsible for investigation, methodology, writing-original draft.
Kairat Yernishev
Ph.D. (Law), Dean, Faculty of Economics and Law, Taraz Regional University named after M.Kh. Dulaty, Taraz, Kazakhstan
ka.ernishev@dulaty.kz
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-3009
Co-author, responsible for investigation, formal analysis, writing-original draft.
Akynkozha Zhanibekov
Ph.D. (Law), Deputy Dean, Faculty of Law, Kazakh National University Al Farabi, Almaty, Kazakhstan
akynkozha.zhanibekov@kaznu.kz
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-2123
Co-author, responsible for investigation, visualization, writing-original draft.
Bakhyt Altynbassov
Ph.D. (Law), EdD candidate, Faculty of Social Sciences and Law, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
gr19948@bristol.ac.uk
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-4315
Corresponding author, responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, project administration, validation, writing-original draft, writing – review and editing.
Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed.
Disclaimer: The authors declare that their opinion and views expressed in this manuscript are free of any impact of any organizations.
Copyright: © 2024 Kanatay Dalmatov, Daniyar Nurmukhanbet, Kairat Yernishev, Akynkozha Zhanibekov and Bakhyt Altynbassov. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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35. Yamamura T, Kinoshita H and Hishida S, ‘The Role of the Public Prosecutor with Treatment of Suspects Involving Suspended Prosecution Disposition in Accordance with the Crime Investigation Policy of Police in Japan’ (2011) 13(4) International Journal of Police Science and Management 348, doi:10.1350/ijps.2011.13.4.230.
2. Antonsdóttir HF, ‘“A Witness in My Own Case”: Victim–Survivors’ Views on the Criminal Justice Process in Iceland’ (2018) 26 Feminist Legal Studies 307, doi:10.1007/s10691-018-9386-z.
3. Beco G de, ‘Human Rights Indicators for Assessing State Compliance with International Human Rights’ (2008) 77(1-2) Nordic Journal of International Law 23, doi:10.1163/090273508X290681.
4. Bookstaver M, ‘Secondary Data Analysis’ in JC Barnes and David R Forde (eds), The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice (John Wiley & Sons 2021) ch 107, 531.
5. Chaney P, ‘Exploring Civil Society Perspectives on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders in the Commonwealth of Independent States’ (2023) 42(2) Central Asian Survey 293, doi:10.1080/02634937.2022.2113034.
6. Daly Y and others, ‘Human Rights Protections in Drawing Inferences from Criminal Suspects’ Silence’ (2021) 21(3) Human Rights Law Review 696, doi:10.1093/ hrlr/ngab006.
7. Dearing A and Huxtable H, ‘Doing Justice for Victims of Violent Crime in the European Union - Reflections on Findings from a Research Project Conducted by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights’ (2021) 45(1) International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 39, doi:10.1080/01924036.2020.1762233.
8. Dziurda M, Gołąb A and Zembrzuski T, ‘European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: Impact on Polish Law Development’ (2021) 4(1) Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 23, doi:10.33327/AJEE-18-4.1-a000045.
9. Edwards AJ, ‘Justice Starts at Home: A Call for Stepped-up Nationally-Led Investigations into Torture’ (2023) 41(3) Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 123, doi:10.1177/09240519231195389.
10. Efrat A and Tomasina M, ‘Value-Free Extradition? Human Rights and the Dilemma of Surrendering Wanted Persons to China’ (2018) 17(5) Journal of Human Rights 605, doi:10.1080/14754835.2018.1533454.
11. Foust J, ‘Security and Human Rights in Central Asia’ (2012) 19(1) The Brown Journal of World Affairs 45.
12. Gilliéron G, Public Prosecutors in the United States and Europe: A Comparative Analysis with Special Focus on Switzerland, France, and Germany (Springer International 2014) doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04504-7.
13. Grenfell L, Mackay A and Rose M, ‘A Human Right to Daily Access to Fresh Air beyond Prisons in Australia?’ (2023) 29(2) Australian Journal of Human Rights 259, doi:10.1080/1323238X.2023.2254538.
14. Hall M van and others, ‘Procedural Justice and Legitimacy of the Law in the Criminal Justice System: A Longitudinal Study among Dutch Detainees’ (2024) 30(2) Psychology, Crime and Law 101, doi:10.1080/1068316X.2022.2065274.
15. Hoffmann K, ‘The EU in Central Asia: Successful Good Governance Promotion?’ (2010) 31(1) Third World Quarterly 87, doi:10.1080/01436590903557397.
16. Holder R, Kirchengast T and Cassell P, ‘“Transforming Crime Victims” Rights: From Myth to Reality’ (2021) 45(1) International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 1, doi:10.1080/01924036.2020.1857278.
17. Holm F, ‘Successful Human Rights Implementation? Victims of Crime and the Swedish Example’ (2022) 40(4) Nordic Journal of Human Rights 529, doi:10.1080/ 18918131.2022.2147319.
18. Holmberg L and others, ‘Victims’ Rights: Serving Victims or the Criminal Justice System? An Empirical Study on Victims of Violent Crime and Their Experiences with the Danish Police’ (2021) 45(1) International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 89, doi:10.1080/01924036.2020.1719525.
19. Ivanytskyy SO and others, ‘Criminal Judicial Actions of the Defence Lawyer and Prosecutor: Problems of the US Legal System’ (2024) 36(3) Public Integrity 337, doi;10.1080/10999922.2023.2225337.
20. Lahti R and Chamberlain JM, ‘Towards a More Efficient, Fair and Humane Criminal Justice System: Developments of Criminal Policy and Criminal Sanctions during the Last 50 Years in Finland’ (2017) 3(1) Cogent Social Sciences doi:10.1080/ 23311886.2017.1303910.
21. Mergaerts L, ‘“Defence Lawyers” Views on and Identification of Suspect Vulnerability in Criminal Proceedings’ (2022) 29(3) International Journal of the Legal Profession 281, doi:10.1080/09695958.2021.1982719.
22. Michel V, ‘The Role of Prosecutorial Independence and Prosecutorial Accountability in Domestic Human Rights Trials’ (2017) 16(2) Journal of Human Rights 193, doi:10.1080/14754835.2015.1113864.
23. Mulgrew R, ‘Prisoner Lives Cut Short: The Need to Address Structural, Societal and Environmental Factors to Reduce Preventable Prisoner Deaths’ (2023) 23(2) Human Rights Law Review ngad006, doi:10.1093/hrlr/ngad006.
24. O’Neill DC and Primiano CB, ‘Kazakhstan’s Quest for Status: A Secondary State’s Strategy to Shape Its International Image’ (2023) 15(1) Journal of Eurasian Studies 81, doi:10.1177/18793665231173000.
25. Perkins B, ‘Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Australia’s Criminal Justice System: Does Human Rights Legislation Provide Accountability?’ (2023) 29(2) Australian Journal of Human Rights 277, doi:10.1080/ 1323238X.2023.2296023.
26. Pierobon C, ‘EU’s Support to Civil Society in Kazakhstan: A Pilot Evaluation of the Social Capital Generated’ (2019) 25(2) Evaluation 207, doi:10.1177/1356389018796023.
27. Pinto M, ‘Awakening the Leviathan through Human Rights Law – How Human Rights Bodies Trigger the Application of Criminal Law’ (2018) 34(2) Utrecht Journal of International and European Law 161, doi:10.5334/ujiel.462.
28. Polzer K, Nhan J and Polzer J, ‘Prosecuting the Prosecutor: The Makings of the Michael Morton Act’ (2014) 51(4) Social Science Journal 652, doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2014.05.007.
29. Ryazanov M, Chuvakova H and Piliuk S, ‘Legal Anomalies within Human Rights Implementation in Court: Ukrainian Heritage and Perspectives’ (2021) 4(4) Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 90, doi:10.33327/AJEE-18-4.4-n000086.
30. Stinson PM, ‘Document Analysis’ in JC Barnes and David R Forde (eds), The Encyclopedia of Research Methods in Criminology and Criminal Justice (John Wiley & Sons 2021) ch 79, 392.
31. Stremlau N, ‘Developing Bottom-up Indicators for Human Rights’ (2019) 23(8) International Journal of Human Rights 1378, doi:10.1080/13642987.2019.1642198.
32. Uddin MK, ‘Human Rights Abuses and Criminal Justice in Policing Practices in Bangladesh’ [2022] Criminology and Criminal Justice doi:10.1177/ 17488958221120915.
33. Vega C de la, ‘Using International Human Rights Standards to Effect Criminal Justice Reform in the United States’ (2015) 41(2) Human Rights 13.
34. Vries MS de and Sobis I, ‘Reluctant Reforms: The Case of Kazakhstan’ (2014) 14(2) Public Organization Review 139, doi:10.1007/s11115-012-0210-y.
35. Yamamura T, Kinoshita H and Hishida S, ‘The Role of the Public Prosecutor with Treatment of Suspects Involving Suspended Prosecution Disposition in Accordance with the Crime Investigation Policy of Police in Japan’ (2011) 13(4) International Journal of Police Science and Management 348, doi:10.1350/ijps.2011.13.4.230.
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Дослідницька стаття
БОРОТЬБА З ПОРУШЕННЯМИ ПРАВ ЛЮДИНИ В СИСТЕМІ КРИМІНАЛЬНОГО СУДОЧИНСТВА КАЗАХСТАНУ: РОЛЬ ПРОКУРАТУРИ ТА ЗАКЛИК ДО ЗАКОНОДАВЧИХ РЕФОРМ
Канатай Далматов, Даніяр Нурмуханбет, Кайрат Єрнішев, Акинкожа Жанібеков та Бахит Алтинбасов
АНОТАЦІЯ
Вступ.
Порушення прав людини в системі кримінального судочинства є поширеною проблемою. Міжнародні договори у галузі прав людини та національне законодавство гарантують абсолютний захист прав людини. Однак, незважаючи на ці стійкі правові принципи, порушення прав людини часто відбуваються в системі кримінального судочинства. У статті розглядається проблема порушення прав людини в системі кримінального судочинства Казахстану та роль прокуратури у захисті прав людини.
Методи.
У цьому дослідженні використовувалися методології аналізу документів й аналізу вторинних даних для детального вивчення нормативно-правових актів, міжнародних угод і програмних документів. Зокрема, були розглянуті такі документи, як Загальна декларація прав людини (ЗДПЛ), Конституційний закон «Про прокуратуру», Концепції правової політики Республіки Казахстан до 2030 року, а також доповіді про права людини міжнародних організацій, таких Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch іFreedom House. У дослідженні також проаналізовано звіти Міністерства юстиції та Уповноваженого з прав людини Республіки Казахстан.
Результати та висновки.
Здійснивши аналіз міжнародних договорів з прав людини, національного законодавства та звітів провідних правозахисних організацій, у своєму дослідженні автори виявили значні розбіжності між юридично визначеними нормами та реальною практикою. Незважаючи на офіційне визнання Казахстаном міжнародних стандартів прав людини, у статті було розкрито системні проблеми, зокрема випадки порушення прав людини в кримінальному судочинстві. У дослідженні наголошено на важливій ролі прокуратури у захисті прав людини, а також зазначено проблеми, пов’язані з ефективним виконанням цих обов’язків. У висновках було підкреслено важливість законодавчих реформ для посилення захисту прав людини в кримінальному судочинстві. Дослідження є особливо актуальним для політиків, правозахисників і науковців, які цікавляться питанням перетину правоохоронної діяльності та захисту прав людини. Запропоновані ідеї можуть стати орієнтиром для подальшого вдосконалення практики кримінального судочинства.
Ключові слова:
права людини, кримінальне судочинство, прокурор, законодавчі реформи, Казахстан.
Publication history
How to cite it?
- Dalmatov K, Nurmukhanbet D, Yernishev K, Zhanibekov A and Altynbassov B, ‘Addressing Human Rights Violations in the Criminal Justice System of Kazakhstan: The Role of the Prosecutor's Office and a Call for Legislative Reforms’ (2024) 7(3) Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 63-90 https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-7.3-a000323
