Special Issue: International Conference on Legal, Socio-economic Issues and Sustainability

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Modern investment legal frameworks. – 2.1. The ideal legal frameworks for attracting foreign direct investment. – 2.2. Whether the effectiveness of the legal frameworks should be a determent factor in Foreign Direct Investment. – 3. An overview of KSA legal framework governing foreign investments. – 3.1. Policy objectives of KSA. – 3. 2. Legislative landscape. – 4. Preliminary matters. – 4.1 Investment law. – 4.2 Entry mechanism and Screening procedures. – 4.3. The GATS framework. – 4.4 Foreign Direct Investment Impact. – 4.5 Special Economic Cities. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. The Annexation of Crimea and Self-determination Denied. – 1.1. Introduction. – 1.2. Annexation of Crimea. – 1.3. The right to self-determination. – 2. History of recognising breakaway republics. – 3. Russia invaded international treaties. – 4. International law will prevail. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Status and challenges of the digital economy in developing countries. – 2.1. The reality of the digital economy in developing countries. – 2.2. Mechanisms for stimulating the digital economy. – 2.3. Role of the legal system in promoting the digital economy. – 2.4. Role of judicial guarantees in the promotion of the digital economy. – 3. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Corporate Governance: An Overview on the Main Principles Adopted by Saudi Regulations. – 3. Shariah Governance Application in Saudi. – 4. Shariah Committee Composition. – 5. Shariah Committee Independence Affecting Issues. – 6. Shariah Committee Members as Related Parties. – 7. Shareholder’s Authorisations for Shariah Committee Members’ Contracts and Businesses. – 8. Shariah Committee Related Party Transaction Disclosures. – 9. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Governance of the General Budget: Principles and Mechanisms. – 3. The General Budget and Financial Sustainability. – 4. Conclusion: Results and Recommendations.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Arbitrability of Administrative Contracts in Comparative Law. – 3. The Concept of the Administrative Contract in Comparative and Saudi Law. – 3.1 The Concept of the Administrative Contract in Comparative Law. – 3.1.1 The administration is a party to the contract. – 3.1.2 The contract is related to public service. – 3.1.3 The administrative contract includes exceptional conditions. – 3.2 The concept of the administrative contract in Saudi law. – 3.3 Evaluation of the Board of Grievances definition of the administrative contract. – 4. The Evolution of Arbitration in the Administrative Contracts in Saudi Law. – 4.1 The stages of evolution of arbitration in administrative contracts in Saudi law. – 4.2 The supervision of the Saudi judiciary on the completion of arbitration clauses in administrative contracts. – 5. Conclusion

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. The Nature and the Elements of the Crime of Trafficking in Persons in Saudi Arabia. – 2.1. Nature of the Crime of Trafficking in Human Beings. – 2.2. The Elements of Trafficking in Persons. – 2.2.1. Actus Reus (Physical Element). – 2.2.1.1. The Acts of Trafficking in Persons. – 2.2.1.2. Culpable Omission. – 2.2.2. Mens Rea (Mental Element). – 3. The Role of Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law 2009 in Minimising Trafficking in Persons. – 3.1. Wider Scale of Criminalisation. – 3.2. Discretionary Punishments. – 3.3. Harsher Penalties for Committing Trafficking in Persons with Aggravating Factors. – 3.4. The Same Punishment for The Perpetrators and Participants (Accessories, Accomplices) in Trafficking in Persons Crime. –3.5. The Same Punishment for Completed Crime and Attempted Crime. – 4. Protective Measures for Trafficked Persons (Victims). – 4.1. Enabling the Trafficked Persons to Know about Their Legal Rights. – 4.2. Referring the Trafficked Victims to Shelters. – 5. Conclusion.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. Methodology. – 3. E-Commerce: Ethical Perspectives. – 4. Business Ethics of E-Commerce. – 5. Legal Answers to the Challenges of Data Protection in E-Commerce. – 5.1. Data protection. – 5.2. Ethical issues of data protection: big data as a challenge. – 6. Legal Frameworks for Violations in E-Commerce. – 6.1. general crimes that threaten data in e-commerce. – 6.2. The crimes of electronic traders. – 7. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction – 2. Literature Review. – 3. Impacts and Consequences of Imposing “Unilateral Economic Sanctions” on Disputing States. – 3.1 Effect of Unilateral Economic Sanctions on Human Rights. – 3.1.1 Poverty. – 3.1.2 Economic inequality. – 3.1.3 Healthcare. – 3.1.4 Access to Education. – 3.2 Effect of Unilateral Economic Sanctions on Economies. – 3.2.1 Economic Growth and GDP. – 3.2.2 Increase in inflation rate and currency devaluation. – 3.2.3 Effect on Agriculture, Rural Areas, Raw Materials and Resources. – 3.3 Effect of Unilateral Economic Sanctions on International Trade and Diplomacy. – 3.4 Determining the Effectiveness of Lawful Unilateral Economic Sanctions. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction – 2. International Crimes stricto sensu and Viral Homicide. – 2.1. Viral Homicide and Cyberattacks. – 2.2. Can Viral Homicide Be Prosecuted as a Crime Against Humanity? – 2.2.1. Actus reus of Crime Against Humanity. – 2.2.2. Mens rea in the Crime Against Humanity. – 2.3. Can Viral Homicide Be Prosecuted as a Crime Against Humanity of Murder? – 2.4. Can Viral Homicide Be Prosecuted as ‘Other Inhumane Acts’ under Art. 7. 1. (k) – Would It Violate the Principle of nullum crimen sine lege ? – 2.4.1 The Principle of nullum crimen sine lege under Art. 22(2) of the Rome Statute. – 2.4.2. The lex certa Principle. – 3. Does the ICC Have Jurisdiction over Non- party State Nationals? – 3.1. Art. 12(2) (a) Requires That the Conduct in Question, not the Consequence, Takes Place in any Part of the Territory of a State Party. – 3.2. The ICC Does not have Universal Jurisdiction – 3.3. The Customary International Law Principle of ‘Effects Doctrine’ is Inapplicable. – 4. Concluding Remarks.

Summary: 1. Introduction – 2. The Oil and Gas Industry’s Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions. – 2.1 Scope of Emissions: Statistics and Data. – 2.2 Environmental Impacts: Global and Local Effects. – 3. Legal Challenges and Impact on the Industry: Disclosure, Regulation, and Transition to Sustainable Practices. – 4. Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation: Examples and Statistics. – 4.1. Common Climate Change Litigation Examples. – 4.2. Statistics Regarding Climate Change Lawsuits. – 5. Climate Change Opportunities. – 6. Conclusions.

Summary: 1. Introduction. – 2. International Investment Law Development. – 3. Critical Issues Affecting the International Investment Regime. – 3.1. The purpose of the international investment regime. – 3.2. The scope of the international investment agreements. – 3.2.1. The meaning of foreign ‘investment’. – 3.2.2. The circumstances in which an investor is a ‘foreign’. – 3.2.3. Coverage of state-controlled entities (SCE). – 3.2.4. Temporal scope of treaties. – 3.2.5. Express exclusions from the scope of IIAs. – 3.3. The substantive content of investment disciplines. – 3.3.1. The controversial meaning of investment-protection standards. – 3.3.2. The interlink between investment protection and the right to regulate. – 3.3.3. Investment liberalisation commitments. – 3.3.4. Disciplines on host state and foreign investors. – 3.4. International investment arbitration. – 3.4.1. The ‘process’ and ‘outcome’ of investment arbitration. – 3.4.2. The principal users of investment arbitration and any other stakeholders. – 3.5. Managing multiple legal sources. – 3.6. The institutional structure of the international investment regime. – 4. Recommendations to Resolve Current Issues in the International Investment Regime. – 5. Conclusions and Recommendations.

Summary: 1. Introduction – 1.1 The concept and definition of green banking. – 1.2 The concept of an eco-friendly bank. – 1.3. The importance of green banking. – 1.4. The main features of green banking. – 1.5. Advantages and disadvantages of green banking. – 1.5.1 Benefits of green banking. – 1.5.2 Limitations of green banking. – 2. Policy and Regulatory Framework of Green Banking System. – 2.1 Green banking guide. – 2.2 The role of regulators in promoting green banking. – 2.3 The rise of sustainable finance regulations. – 2.4 Countries with sustainable finance regulations. – 2.5 Issues and cases on the green banking system. – 3. Conclusion and Recommendations.

We are thrilled to present this special issue of our journal, featuring articles from esteemed scholars and reviewers from various regions, including Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Great Britain. Collaboration between Eastern Europe

Summary: : 1. Introduction. – 2. Lack of Mechanisms: Respecting the Principles of International Law. – 3. Alternative International Complaint Mechanisms to Corporate Actors. – 4. Conclusions.

Summary: – 1 Introduction. – 2 Literature Review. – 2.1 Marriage of Minor Cases. – 3. International and domestic legal framework. – 3.1 Convention on the Rights of the Child. – 3.2 Domestic legal framework. – 3.3 The Tunisian legal framework for the marriage of minors – 3.4 Similarities and differences in Nigerian and Tunisian laws on the marriage of minors. – 4 The implications of child marriage in both countries. – 4.1 Health implications. – 4.2 Educational implications. – 5 Recommendations. – 6 Conclusion.